Lithium niobate (LiNbO₃, i hoʻopau ʻia ʻo LN) he ʻano aniani ʻano hana like ʻole a me ka nui ka mea hoʻohui maikaʻi loa i ka electro-optic, acousto-optic, elastic-optic, piezoelectric, pyroelectric, photorefractive effect a me nā waiwai kino ʻē aʻe. Aia ka LN crystal i ka ʻōnaehana kristal trigonal, me ka pae ferroelectric ma ka lumi wela, 3m hui kiko, a R3c hui ākea. I ka makahiki 1949, ua hoʻohui ʻo Matthias lāua ʻo Remeika i ka kristal LN hoʻokahi, a i ka makahiki 1965 ua hoʻonui maikaʻi ʻo Ballman i kahi aniani LN nui.

In 1970s LN cUa hoʻomaka ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā rystals i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā Q-switch electro-optic. Loaʻa i nā kristal LN nā mea maikaʻi ʻole o ka deliquescent, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, lateral modulation, maʻalahi e hana i nā electrodes, hoʻohana maʻalahi a mālama ʻia, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, akā maʻalahi lākou i nā loli photorefractive a loaʻa nā paepae hōʻino laser haʻahaʻa. I ka manawa like, ʻo ka paʻakikī o ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana i nā kristal kiʻekiʻe optical kiʻekiʻe e alakaʻi i ka maikaʻi ʻole. No ka manawa lōʻihi,Loaʻa nā kristal LN ua hoʻohana wale ʻia ma kahi haʻahaʻa a i ʻole mana waena 1064 nm nā ʻōnaehana laser.

I mea e hoopau ai i ka pilikia o paʻi kiʻi hopena, nui ka hanas have ua hookoia. No ka mea i hoʻohana mau ʻia ka kristal LNhoʻomohala ʻia e ratio eutectic o ka haku mele like o paʻa-wai mokuʻāina, teia nā hemahema e like me nā hakahaka lithium a me ka anti-niobium i loko o ke aniani. Maʻalahi ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā waiwai kristal ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka haku mele a me ka doping. I ka makahiki 1980,ia’s Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā kristal LN doping me ka maʻi magnesium ma mua o 4.6 mol%.s ka pale kiʻi-pōʻino e oi aku ma mua o hoʻokahi kauoha o ka nui. Ua hoʻomohala ʻia nā kristal LN anti-photorefractive doped, e like me ka zinc-doped, scandium-doped, indium-doped, hafnium-doped, zirconium-doped., etc. No ka mea doped He maikaʻi ʻole ka maikaʻi o ka LN, a ʻo ka pilina ma waena o ka photorefraction a me ka pōʻino laser ka nele o ka noiʻi, ua loaa ʻaʻole i hoʻohana nui ʻia.

E hoʻoponopono nā pilikia i loaʻa i ka ulu ʻana o nā kristal LN kiʻekiʻe-optical, mea noiʻi ua hoʻomohala i kahi ʻōnaehana mana kamepiula i ka makahiki 2004, kahi i hoʻoponopono maikaʻi ai i ka pilikia o ka lag koʻikoʻi i ka mana i ka wā o ka ulu ʻana o ka nui-nui. LN. Ua hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻia ke kiʻekiʻe o ke anawaena like, e lanakila ana i ka hoʻololi koke ʻana o ke anawaena ma muli o ka mana maikaʻi ʻole o ke kaʻina ulu kristal, a hoʻomaikaʻi nui i ka like ʻole o ka aniani. ʻO ke kūlike o ka optical o ka 3 inch ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka kristal LN ma mua o 3 × 10⁻⁵ knm⁻¹.

I ka makahiki 2010, mea noiʻis manao i ke koʻikoʻi i loko o ka LN kristal ke kumu nui o ka ilihune wela paʻa o ka LN hoʻololi Q-pili uila. Ma ke kumu o ke kamepiula-hoomaluia ʻenehana anawaena like e ulu ai i ke aniani LN maikaʻi kiʻekiʻe, hoʻohana ʻia kahi kaʻina hana wela kūikawā e hōʻemi i ke koena o ka blank. I ka makahiki 2013,kekahi manao ia, e like me ke kaumaha o loko, ke koʻikoʻi paʻi waho loaʻa like hopena ma luna o tʻO ke kūpaʻa wela o ka noi electro-optic Q-switching o ka aniani LN. Ua ulu lākou he ʻenehana hui elastic e lanakila ai i ka pilikia koʻikoʻi o waho i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka paʻa paʻa kuʻuna, a kēia ʻenehana ua hoʻolaha ʻia a hoʻohana ʻia i ka 1064 nm series of lasers.

I ka manawa like, no ka mea, ua loaʻa i ka kristal LN ākea ʻO ke kaula uila uila a me ka coefficient electro-optic nui, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia i nā ʻōnaehana laser waveband mid-infrared, e like me 2 μm a 2.28 μm.

No ka manawa lōʻihi, ʻoiai he nui ka hanas have ua lawe ʻia ma nā kristal LN, aia nō ka nele o ka noiʻi ʻōnaehana LN’s nā waiwai photorefractive infrared, ka paepae hōʻino laser intrinsic, a me ke ʻano hana o ka doping ma ka paepae pōʻino. Ke noi o ka electro-optical Q-hoololio LN kristal ua nui ka huikau. I ka manawa like, paʻakikī ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā kristal LN, a nui nā ʻano a me nā nui o nā hemahema, e hopena i nā ʻano like ʻole.ce hana ʻia e nā kapuahi like ʻole, nā ʻāpana like ʻole, a me nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ka mea like ʻāpana aniani. Nui paha nā ʻokoʻa i ka maikaʻi o nā kristal. He mea paʻakikī ke hoʻomalu i ka hana kūlike o nā mea hoʻololi Q-switched electro-optic, kahi e kaupalena ʻia ai ka hoʻohana ʻana o ka electro-optic Q-switching o nā kristal LN i kekahi ʻano.

ʻO ke kelepona LN Pockels kiʻekiʻe i hana ʻia e WISOPTIC